Input: One-time: equipment and hardware $12,000, legal and incorporation $2,500, initial inventory $8,000. Monthly: rent $3,000, salaries $9,000, software $800. Buffer 6 months.
Result: Total one-time costs $22,500, monthly operating expenses $12,800, total cash required $99,300. More than three-quarters of the requirement is the buffer rather than the launch itself.
Input: One-time: equipment $6,000, LLC filing and legal $1,200, website and branding $2,300. Monthly: rent $1,500, part-time help $2,400, software $400, insurance $300. Buffer 9 months.
Result: Total one-time costs $9,500, monthly operating expenses $4,600, total cash required $50,900. A lean business with a long runway still needs five times its launch costs in the bank.